Body and health

Lesson 5

Anatomy

Title: Anatomy

Pronunciation:/əˈnatəmi/

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: Formal

Countable or uncountable: Uncountable

Synonym: structure

Opposite: physiology

 

the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organ

The study of human anatomy involves learning about the various systems and organs in the body

the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organ

Organ

Title: Organ

Pronunciation:/ˈɔːɡən/

Part of speech: noun

Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Plural form is organs

Formal or informal: Both

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Synonym: part

Opposite: tissue

 

a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function

The heart is an important organ that pumps blood throughout the body

a part of an organism that is typically self-contained and has a specific vital function

Artery

Title: Artery

Pronunciation:/ˈɑːtəri/

Part of speech: noun

Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Plural form is arteries

Formal or informal: Formal

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Synonym: blood vessel

Opposite: vein

 

any of the muscular-walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood is conveyed

A blockage in the coronary artery can lead to a heart attack

any of the muscular-walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood is conveyed

Blood vessel

Title: Blood vessel

Pronunciation:/blʌd ˈvɛs(ə)l/

Part of speech: noun

Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Plural form is blood vessels

Formal or informal: Both

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Synonym: vascular structure

Opposite: lymphatic vessel

 

A tubular structure carrying blood through the tissues and organs; a vein, artery, or capillary

The blood vessels in the body play a crucial role in transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells

A tubular structure carrying blood through the tissues and organs; a vein, artery, or capillary

Cell

Title: Cell

Pronunciation:/sɛl/

Part of speech: noun

Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Plural form is cells

Formal or informal: Both

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Synonym: unit

Opposite: organism

 

the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism

The human body is composed of trillions of cells that perform various functions

the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism

Heartbeat

Title: Heartbeat

Pronunciation:/ˈhɑːtbiːt/

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: Both

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Synonym: pulse

Opposite: silence

 

The pulsation of the heart, typically as felt in the arteries; a single pulsation of the heart

The doctor listened to the patient’s heartbeat using a stethoscope

The pulsation of the heart, typically as felt in the arteries; a single pulsation of the heart

Scalp

Title: Scalp

Pronunciation:/skælp/

Part of speech: noun (also verb)

Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Plural form is scalps (noun)

Formal or informal: Both

Countable or uncountable: Countable (noun), uncountable (verb)

Transitive or intransitive: Transitive (verb form)

Synonym: cranium

Opposite: face

The skin covering the top of the human head; to remove the scalp from (someone)

The scalp can be prone to sunburn if not protected by a hat

The skin covering the top of the human head; to remove the scalp from (someone)

Collarbone

Title: Collarbone

Pronunciation:/ˈkɒləbəʊn/

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: Both

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Synonym: clavicle

Opposite: spine

 

a bone of the pectoral girdle; either of the pair of bones joining the breastbone to the shoulder

The collarbone is susceptible to fractures from falls or impacts

a bone of the pectoral girdle; either of the pair of bones joining the breastbone to the shoulder

Breast

Title: Breast

Pronunciation:/brɛst/

Part of speech: noun (also verb)

Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Plural form is breasts (noun)

Formal or informal: Both

 

Example

The baby was feeding at its mother’s breast

Example

Abdomen

Title: Abdomen

Pronunciation:/ˈabdəm(ə)n/

Part of speech:noun 

Formal or informal:both 

Countable or uncountable:noun 

Synonym:tummy 

 

a region of the body between the chest and pelvis; belly

The insect’s abdomen was swollen with eggs

a region of the body between the chest and pelvis; belly

Digestive system

Title: Digestive system

Pronunciation:/daɪˈdʒɛstɪv ˈsɪstɪm/ 

Part of speech:noun 

Formal or informal:both 

Countable or uncountable:noun 

 

group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire

The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small intestine, and large intestine

group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire

Immune system

Title: Immune system

Pronunciation:/ɪˈmjuːn ˈsɪstɪm/ 

Part of speech:noun 

Formal or informal:both 

Countable or uncountable:noun 

 

a complex network of cells and proteins that defends the body against infection

The immune system protects the body from harmful substances

a complex network of cells and proteins that defends the body against infection

Belly

Title: Belly

Pronunciation:/ˈbɛli/ 

Part of speech:noun (also adjective) 

Formal or informal:both 

Countable or uncountable:noun 

Synonym:tummy 

 

A person’s stomach or abdomen

The child had a full belly after eating dinner

A person’s stomach or abdomen

Belly button

Title: Belly button

Pronunciation:/ˈbɛli ˈbʌt(ə)n/ 

Part of speech:noun (also verb) 

Formal or informal:both 

Countable or uncountable:noun (also verb) 

 

 

A person’s navel

The belly button is a scar left by the umbilical cord after it falls off

A person’s navel

Gallbladder

Title: Gallbladder

Pronunciation: /ˈɡɔːlblædər/

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: Can be both formal and informal

Countable or uncountable: Countable

 

a small sac-shaped organ beneath the liver, in which bile is stored after secretion by the liver

The doctor recommended removing her gallbladder due to gallstones

a small sac-shaped organ beneath the liver, in which bile is stored after secretion by the liver

Bladder

Title: Bladder

Pronunciation: /ˈblædər/

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: Can be both formal and informal

Countable or uncountable: Countable

 

A membranous sac in humans and other animals, in which urine is collected for excretion

She felt a strong urge to empty her bladder

A membranous sac in humans and other animals, in which urine is collected for excretion

Buttock

Title: Buttock

Pronunciation: /ˈbʌtək/

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: Can be both formal and informal

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Synonym: rump

 

Either of the two round fleshy parts forming the rear of the human body

He fell and landed hard on his right buttock

Either of the two round fleshy parts forming the rear of the human body

Spine

Title: Spine

Pronunciation: /spaɪn/

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: Can be both formal and informal

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Synonym: backbone

 

The series of vertebrae extending from the skull to the small of the back, enclosing the spinal cord

Poor posture can lead to back pain and misalignment of the spine

The series of vertebrae extending from the skull to the small of the back, enclosing the spinal cord

Calf

Title: Calf

Pronunciation: /kæf/

Part of speech: noun

Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Plural form is “calves”

Formal or informal: Can be both formal and informal

Countable or uncountable: Countable

 

The fleshy part at the back of a person’s leg below the knee

She felt a cramp in her left calf while running

The fleshy part at the back of a person’s leg below the knee

Shin

Title: Shin

Pronunciation: /ʃɪn/

Part of speech: noun/verb

Irregular spelling and irregular forms (noun): Plural form is “shins”

Irregular spelling and irregular forms (verb): Past tense “shinned”

Formal or informal (noun): Can be both formal and informal

Formal or informal (verb): Can be both formal and informal

Countable or uncountable (noun): Countable

Countable or uncountable (verb): Transitive

Transitive or intransitive (verb): Transitive

Synonym (verb): kick

 

(noun): the front of a person’s leg below the knee

(noun): He scraped his shin while climbing over the fence

(noun): the front of a person’s leg below the knee

(verb): to kick or hit someone on the shin

(verb): The child shinned the bully in self-defense

(verb): to kick or hit someone on the shin

Pinky

Title: Pinky

Pronunciation: /ˈpɪŋki/

Part of speech: noun/adjective

Irregular spelling and irregular forms (noun): Plural form is “pinkies”

ed his tea.

Formal or informal (noun): Can be both formal and informal

Formal or informal (adjective): Can be both formal and informal

Countable or uncountable (noun): Countable

Synonym (noun): little finger

Opposite (noun): thumb

 

(noun): little finger; the smallest finger on a person’s hand

(noun): She injured her pinky while playing basketball

(noun): little finger; the smallest finger on a person’s hand

(adjective): relating to or characteristic of the little finger

(adjective): He extended his pinky finger as he sipped his tea

(adjective): relating to or characteristic of the little finger

Eyelid

Title: Eyelid

Pronunciation : /’aɪˌlɪd/  

Part of speech : noun 

Irregular spelling and irregular forms : Plural form is “eyelids” 

Formal or informal : Can be both formal and informal 

Countable or uncountable : Countable 

 

each of the upper and lower folds of skin that cover the eye when closed

Her eyelids drooped as she fought off sleep

each of the upper and lower folds of skin that cover the eye when closed

Jaw

Title: Jaw

Pronunciation : /dʒɔː/  

Part of speech : noun/verb 

Irregular spelling and irregular forms (noun) : Plural form is “jaws” 

Irregular spelling and irregular forms (verb) : Past tense “jawed” 

Formal or informal (verb) : Can be both formal and informal 

Countable or uncountable (noun) : Countable 

Countable or uncountable (verb) : Intransitive 

Transitive or intransitive (verb) : Intransitive 

 

(verb) : talk; chat

(verb) : They would often jaw about their favorite sports teams

(verb) : talk; chat

each of the upper and lower bony structures in vertebrates forming the framework of the mouth

(noun) : His jaw tightened as he clenched his teeth

Vein

Title: Vein

Pronunciation : /veɪn/  

Part of speech : noun 

Irregular spelling and irregular forms : Plural form is “veins” 

Formal or informal : Can be both formal and informal 

Countable or uncountable : Countable 

Synonym : blood vessel 

Opposite : artery 

 

A blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart; a distinctive quality, style, or tendency

The doctor drew blood from a vein in her arm

A blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart; a distinctive quality, style, or tendency

Nostril

Title: Nostril

Pronunciation : /ˈnɒstrɪl/  

Part of speech : noun 

Irregular spelling and irregular forms : Plural form is “nostrils”   

Formal or informal : Can be both formal and informal   

Countable or uncountable : Countable      

Synonym : nasal opening   

 

either of two external openings of the nasal cavity in vertebrates that admit air to the lungs

She felt a tickle in her left nostril

either of two external openings of the nasal cavity in vertebrates that admit air to the lungs

Acupuncture

Title: Acupuncture

Pronunciation : /ˈækjʊpʌŋktʃə(r)/   

Part of speech : noun  

Formal or informal : Can be both formal and informal  

Countable or uncountable : Uncountable  

Stress marks : ˈækjʊpʌŋktʃə(r)  

Synonym : acupressure  

 

A system of complementary medicine that involves pricking the skin with needles

She tried acupuncture to relieve her chronic back pain

A system of complementary medicine that involves pricking the skin with needles

Pharmacy

Title: Pharmacy

Pronunciation : /ˈfɑː(r)məsi/   

Part of speech : noun  

Irregular spelling and irregular forms : Plural form is “pharmacies”  

Formal or informal : Can be both formal and informal  

Countable or uncountable : Countable  

Synonym : drugstore  

 

A store where medicinal drugs are dispensed; a place where drugs are compounded

She went to the pharmacy to pick up her prescription

A store where medicinal drugs are dispensed; a place where drugs are compounded

Inpatient

Title: Inpatient

Pronunciation : /ˈɪnpeɪʃ(ə)nt/   

Part of speech : noun/adjective  

Irregular spelling and irregular forms (noun) : Plural form is “inpatients”     

Formal or informal (noun) : Can be both formal and informal  

Formal or informal (adjective) : Can be both formal and informal  

Countable or uncountable (noun) : Countable  

Synonym (noun) : hospital patient  

Synonym (adjective) : hospitalized  

Opposite (noun) : outpatient  

Opposite (adjective) : outpatient  

 

(noun) : a patient who stays in a hospital while receiving medical treatment

(noun) : The hospital had a wing dedicated to cancer inpatients

(noun) : a patient who stays in a hospital while receiving medical treatment

(adjective) : relating to treatment given to patients who stay in hospitals overnight

(adjective) : She received inpatient care for her heart condition

Mental health

Title: Mental health

Pronunciation : /ˈmɛnt(ə)l hɛlθ/   

Part of speech : noun/adjective    

Formal or informal (noun) : Can be both formal and informal   

Formal or informal (adjective) : Can be both formal and informal   

Countable or uncountable (noun) : Uncountable   

Countable or uncountable (adjective) : Countable   

Synonym (noun) : psychological well-being   

Synonym (adjective) : emotional health   

Opposite (noun) : mental illness   

Opposite (adjective) : mental illness

 

(adjective) : relating to a person’s psychological well-being

(adjective) : The mental health clinic offered therapy sessions

(adjective) : relating to a person’s psychological well-being

a person’s condition with regard to their psychological

(noun) : She sought help for her mental health struggles