Pronunciation: /dəˈmes.tɪk/
Part of speech: Adjective
Formal or informal: Both
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: do-MES-tic
Synonym: Household, familial, national
Opposite: Foreign, international, public
She spent the weekend doing domestic chores like cleaning and laundry
Pronunciation: /ˈfed.ər.əl/
Part of speech: Adjective
Formal or informal: Both
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: FED-er-al
Synonym: National, central, governmental
Opposite: Local, state, provincial
The federal government has certain powers that are reserved for the states
Pronunciation: /ˌɪn.dɪˈpen.dənt/
Part of speech: Adjective
Formal or informal: Both
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: in-de-PEN-dent
Synonym: Self-sufficient, autonomous, free
Opposite: Dependent, reliant, submissive
She started her own independent business after working for a large corporation for many years
Pronunciation: /əˈfɪʃ.əl/
Part of speech: Adjective
Formal or informal: Both
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: o-FISH-uhl
Synonym: Formal, authorized, legitimate
Opposite: Unofficial, unauthorized, illegitimate
The official statement from the government clarified the new policy
Pronunciation: /ˌprez.ɪˈden.ʃəl/
Part of speech: Adjective
Formal or informal: Both
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: pre-zi-DEN-shuhl
Synonym: Executive, governmental, administrative
The presidential election is held every four years in the United States
Pronunciation: /ˌrev.əˈluː.ʃən/
Part of speech: Noun
Formal or informal: Both
Countable or uncountable: Countable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: re-vo-LU-tion
Synonym: Uprising, rebellion, transformation
Opposite: Stability, status quo, conservatism
The Industrial Revolution brought about major changes in the way goods were produced and consumed
Pronunciation: /ˈkɒŋ.ɡres/
Part of speech: Noun
Formal or informal: Both
Countable or uncountable: Countable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: CON-gress
Synonym: Assembly, convention, parliament
The congress passed a new bill to increase funding for education
Pronunciation: /kənˈsɜː.və.tɪv/
Part of speech: Adjective
Formal or informal: Both
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: con-SER-va-tive
Synonym: Traditional, cautious, reactionary
Opposite: Progressive, liberal, radical
He has always been a conservative voter, preferring candidates who support lower taxes and smaller government
Pronunciation: /ˈdem.ə.kræt/
Part of speech: Noun
Formal or informal: Both
Countable or uncountable: Countable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: DEM-o-crat
Synonym: Liberal, progressive, democratist
Opposite: Republican, conservative, monarchist
She has always been a registered Democrat and votes in every election
Pronunciation: /dɪˈbeɪt/
Part of speech: Verb
Formal or informal: Both
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: de-BATE
Synonym: Discuss, argue, dispute
Opposite: Agree, concede, accept
The candidates will debate each other on live television next week
Pronunciation: /ˈɡʌv.ən.mənt/
Part of speech: Noun
Formal or informal: Both
Countable or uncountable: Countable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: GOV-ern-ment
Synonym: Administration, regime, authority
Opposite: Anarchy, lawlessness, disorder
The government has announced new measures to combat climate change
Pronunciation: /dɪkˈteɪ.tə.ʃɪp/
Part of speech: Noun
Formal or informal: Both
Countable or uncountable: Countable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: dik-TAY-ter-ship
Synonym: Autocracy, tyranny, despotism
Opposite: Democracy, republic, self-rule
The country was ruled by a dictatorship for over three decades before transitioning to a democracy
Pronunciation: /ˈkɪŋ.dəm/
Part of speech: Noun
Formal or informal: Both
Countable or uncountable: Countable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: KING-dom
Synonym: Monarchy, principality, realm
Opposite: Republic, democracy, anarchy
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state
Pronunciation: /ˈmɒn.ə.ki/
Part of speech: Noun
Formal or informal: Both
Countable or uncountable: Countable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: MON-ar-chy
Synonym: Kingdom, principality, realm
Opposite: Republic, democracy, anarchy
The monarchy was abolished after a revolution overthrew the previous king
Pronunciation: /ˈneɪ.ʃən/
Part of speech: Noun
Countable or uncountable: Countable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: NA-tion
Synonym: Country, state, people
The nation celebrated its independence with parades and fireworks
Pronunciation: /plɒt/
Part of speech: Verb
Formal or informal: Both
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Synonym: Scheme, plan, conspire
The group of rebels plotted to overthrow the government
Pronunciation: /steɪt/
Part of speech: noun/verb
Irregular spelling and irregular forms (noun): Plural form is “states”
Irregular spelling and irregular forms (verb): Past tense “stated”
Formal or informal (noun): Can be both formal and informal
Formal or informal (verb): Can be both formal and informal
Countable or uncountable (noun): Countable
Countable or uncountable (verb): Transitive
Transitive or intransitive (verb): Transitive
Synonym (noun): nation
Synonym (verb): declare
Opposite (noun): chaos
Opposite (verb): retract
(noun): The United States is a sovereign state
Pronunciation: /məˈdʒɒrɪti/
Part of speech: noun
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Plural form is “majorities”
Formal or informal: Can be both formal and informal
Countable or uncountable: Countable
Synonym: most
Opposite: minority
The majority of voters supported the new policy
Pronunciation: /ˈmɪnɪstə(r)/
Part of speech: noun/verb
Irregular spelling and irregular forms (noun): Plural form is “ministers”
Irregular spelling and irregular forms (verb): Past tense “ministered”
Formal or informal (noun): Can be both formal and informal
Formal or informal (verb): Can be both formal and informal
Countable or uncountable (noun): Countable
Countable or uncountable (verb): Transitive
Transitive or intransitive (verb): Transitive
Synonym (noun): clergyman
Synonym (verb): care for
Opposite (noun): layperson
Opposite (verb): neglect
(noun): The Prime Minister appointed a new health minister
(verb): The nurse ministered to the wounded soldier
Pronunciation: /ˈsekrətri/
Part of speech: noun/adjective
Irregular spelling and irregular forms (noun): Plural form is “secretaries”
Formal or informal (noun): Can be both formal and informal
Formal or informal (adjective): Can be both formal and informal
Countable or uncountable (noun): Countable
Synonym (noun): assistant
Opposite (noun): boss
(noun): The secretary scheduled a meeting for next week/(adjective): The secretary bird is known for its distinctive crest
Pronunciation: /ˈspəʊksper.sən/
Part of speech: noun
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Plural form is “spokespeople”
Formal or informal: Can be both formal and informal
Countable or uncountable: Countable
Synonym: representative
Opposite: listener
The company’s spokesperson issued a statement regarding the recent controversy
Pronunciation : /nɪˌɡəʊʃiˈeɪʃ(ə)n/
Part of speech : noun
Irregular spelling and irregular forms : Plural form is “negotiations”
Formal or informal : Can be both formal and informal
Countable or uncountable : Countable
Synonym : discussion
Opposite : disagreement
The negotiation process was long and arduous
Pronunciation : /ˌɒpəˈzɪʃ(ə)n/
Part of speech : noun
Irregular spelling and irregular forms : Plural form is “oppositions”
Formal or informal : Can be both formal and informal
Countable or uncountable : Countable
Synonym : resistance
Opposite : support
The opposition to the new law was strong
Pronunciation: /ˈpɒlɪsi/
Part of speech : noun
Irregular spelling and irregular forms : Plural form is “policies”
Formal or informal : Can be both formal and informal
Countable or uncountable : Countable
Synonym : plan
Opposite : disorder
The company implemented a new policy regarding remote work
Pronunciation : /ˈvəʊtɪŋ/
Part of speech : noun/adjective
Formal or informal (noun) : Can be both formal and informal
Formal or informal (adjective) : Can be both formal and informal
Synonym (noun) : balloting
Synonym (adjective) : electoral
Opposite (noun) : abstention
Opposite (adjective) : non-electoral
(noun) : Voting is a fundamental right in a democracy
(adjective) : The voting process was smooth and efficient
Pronunciation : /ˈterət(ə)ri/
Part of speech : noun
Irregular spelling and irregular forms : Plural form is “territories”
Formal or informal : Can be both formal and informal
Countable or uncountable : Countable
Synonym : land
Opposite : airspace
The country expanded its territory through conquest
Pronunciation : /kənˈspɪrəsi/
Part of speech : noun
Irregular spelling and irregular forms : Plural form is “conspiracies”
Formal or informal : Can be both formal and informal
Countable or uncountable : Countable
Stress marks : kənˈspɪrəsi
Synonym : plot
Opposite : transparency
The conspiracy to overthrow the government was foiled by authorities
Pronunciation : /ˈkrakdaʊn/
Part of speech : noun
Formal or informal: Can be both formal and informal
Countable or uncountable: Countable
Stress marks: ˈkrakdaʊn
Synonym: suppression
Opposite: leniency
The government initiated a crackdown on organized crime
Pronunciation: /rɪˈprɛʃ(ə)n/
Part of speech: noun/adjective
Formal or informal(noun):Can be both formal and informal
Formal or informal(adjective):Can be both formal and informal
Countable or uncountable(noun):Uncountable
Countable or uncountable(adjective):Countable
Stress marks(noun):rɪˈprɛʃ(ə)n
Synonym(noun):suppression
Synonym(adjective):repressive
Opposite(noun):liberation
Opposite(adjective):liberating
The government’s repression led to widespread protests
(adjective):The repression policies were heavily criticized by human rights organizations