Results/findings

Lesson 19
فهرست
Compile Conduct Demonstrate Derive Mal Detect Estimate Evaluate Imply Interpret Observe survey Case study Diagram Chart Document Evaluation Analytical Comparative Descriptive To cite Classify Chart Document Evaluation Hypothesis Experiment Sample Variable Questionnaire Reference Trial principle proof

Compile

Title: Compile

Pronunciation: /kəmˈpaɪl/

Part of speech: verb

Formal or informal: Formal

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Transitive or intransitive: Transitive

Stress marks: kəmˈpaɪl

Synonym: gather, assemble

Opposite: disperse

 

To gather or put together information, data, or materials from various sources into a single collect

The researcher compiled a comprehensive report on the effects of climate change

To gather or put together information, data, or materials from various sources into a single collect

Conduct

Title: Conduct

Pronunciation: /kənˈdʌkt/

Part of speech: verb

Formal or informal: Formal

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Transitive or intransitive: Transitive

Stress marks: kənˈdʌkt

Synonym: organize, perform

Opposite: neglect

 

To organize and carry out an activity, experiment, or investigation; to behave in a particular way

The scientist conducted a series of experiments to test the hypothesis

To organize and carry out an activity, experiment, or investigation; to behave in a particular way

Demonstrate

Title: Demonstrate

Pronunciation: /ˈdem.ən.streɪt/

Part of speech: verb

Formal or informal: Formal

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Transitive or intransitive: Transitive

Stress marks: ˈdem.ən.streɪt

Synonym: show, prove

Opposite: conceal

 

to show clearly and convincingly through evidence, examples, or actions; to express a skill

The professor demonstrated the chemical reaction by conducting an experiment in class

to show clearly and convincingly through evidence, examples, or actions; to express a skill

Derive

Title: Derive

Pronunciation: /dɪˈraɪv/

Part of speech: verb

Formal or informal: Formal

 

To obtain something from a specific source or origin; to come from a particular origin or background

The word “biology” is derived from the Greek words “bios” (life) and “logos” (study)

To obtain something from a specific source or origin; to come from a particular origin or background

Mal

Title: Mal

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Transitive or intransitive: Transitive

Stress marks: dɪˈraɪv

Synonym: obtain, deduce

Opposite: lose

 

Detect

Title: Detect

Pronunciation:/dɪˈtekt/

Part of speech: verb 

Formal or informal :Formal 

Countable or uncountable :Countable 

Transitive or intransitive :Transitive 

Stress marks :dɪˈtekt 

Synonym :discover ,identify 

Opposite :miss 

 

Discover something not easily noticed; to find something hidden by searching for it

The test can detect the presence of certain chemicals in the water

Discover something not easily noticed; to find something hidden by searching for it

Estimate

Title: Estimate

Pronunciation:/ˈes.tə.meɪt/ 

Part of speech :verb 

Formal or informal :Formal 

Countable or uncountable :Countable 

Transitive or intransitive :Transitive 

Stress marks :ˈes.tə.meɪt 

Synonym :approximate ,calculate 

Opposite :exact 

 

To form an idea of the amount, number, or value of something

It’s difficult to estimate the cost of repairs without seeing the damage

To form an idea of the amount, number, or value of something

Evaluate

Title: Evaluate

Pronunciation:/ɪˈvæl.ju.eɪt/ 

Part of speech :verb 

Formal or informal :Formal 

Countable or uncountable :Countable 

Transitive or intransitive :Transitive 

Stress marks :ɪˈvæl.ju.eɪt 

Synonym :assess ,appraise 

Opposite :ignore 

 

To judge or calculate the quality, importance, amount, or value of something

The teacher asked the students to evaluate each other’s work

To judge or calculate the quality, importance, amount, or value of something

Imply

Title: Imply

Pronunciation:/ɪmˈplaɪ/ 

Part of speech :verb 

Formal or informal :Formal 

Countable or uncountable :Countable 

Transitive or intransitive :Intransitive 

Stress marks :ɪmˈplaɪ 

Synonym :suggest ,hint at 

Opposite :state 

 

To communicate an idea indirectly; to suggest something without saying it directly

Are you implying that I’m not capable of doing the job?

To communicate an idea indirectly; to suggest something without saying it directly

Interpret

Title: Interpret

Pronunciation:/ɪnˈtɜː.prət/ 

Part of speech :verb 

Formal or informal :Formal 

Countable or uncountable :Countable 

Transitive or intransitive :Transitive 

Stress marks :ɪnˈtɜː.prət 

Synonym :explain ,translate 

Opposite :misunderstand 

 

To explain the meaning of something; to understand something in a particular way

The diplomat was asked to interpret the foreign leader’s remarks

To explain the meaning of something; to understand something in a particular way

Observe

Title: Observe

Pronunciation:/əbˈzɜː.v/ 

Part of speech :verb 

Formal or informal :Formal 

Countable or uncountable :Countable 

Transitive or intransitive :Transitive 

Stress marks :əbˈzɜː.v 

Synonym :watch ,notice 

Opposite :ignore 

 

To watch carefully the way something happens over a period of time; to notice something

The scientists observed the behavior of the animals in their natural habitat

To watch carefully the way something happens over a period of time; to notice something

survey

Title: survey

Pronunciation:/ˈsɝː.veɪ/  

Part of speech :verb 

Formal or informal :Formal  

Countable or uncountable :Countable  

Transitive or intransitive :Transitive  

Stress marks :ˈsɝː.veɪ  

Synonym :examine ,poll  

Opposite :ignore  

 

to look carefully at all parts of something; a general view,examination, or description of something

The company conducted a survey to gather feedback from its customers

to look carefully at all parts of something; a general view,examination, or description of something

Case study

Title: Case study

Pronunciation:/keɪs ˈstʌd.i/  

Part of speech:noun  

Formal or informal:both  

Countable or uncountable:both  

Stress marks:/keɪs ˈstʌd.i/  

Synonym:detailed analysis, examination  

 

A detailed analysis of a person, group, event, organization, etc.

The psychologist conducted a case study on the effects of trauma on children

A detailed analysis of a person, group, event, organization, etc.

Diagram

Title: Diagram

Pronunciation:/ˈdaɪ.ə.ɡræm/  

Part of speech:noun  

Formal or informal:both  

Countable or uncountable:both  

Stress marks:/ˈdaɪ.ə.ɡræm/  

Synonym:schematic, chart 

A simple plan that represents a machine, system, process, etc., often drawn to explain how it works

The engineer created a diagram to illustrate the flow of electricity through the circuit

A simple plan that represents a machine, system, process, etc., often drawn to explain how it works

Chart

Title: Chart

Pronunciation: /tʃɑːrt/

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: Both

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Stress marks: ˈchart

Synonym: graph, diagram

Opposite: text

 

A visual representation of data

The teacher used a chart to explain the results of the experiment

A visual representation of data

Document

Title: Document

Pronunciation: /ˈdɑːkjəmənt/

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: Both

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Stress marks: ˈdocument

Synonym: record, paper

Opposite: destroy

 

A written or printed record of information

Please make sure to bring all necessary documents to the meeting

A written or printed record of information

Evaluation

Title: Evaluation

Pronunciation: /ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃən/

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: Formal

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Stress marks: iˌvæljuˈeɪʃən

Synonym: assessment, appraisal

Opposite: disregard

 

 

The act of assessing or judging something

The evaluation of the project’s success was based on several factors

The act of assessing or judging something

Analytical

Title: Analytical

Pronunciation: /ˌæn.əˈlɪt‌.ɪ.kəl/

Part of speech: adjective

Formal or informal: Formal

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive

Stress marks: ˌæn.əˈlɪt‌.ɪ.kəl

Synonym: logical, rational

Opposite: intuitive

 

Relating to or using analysis or logical reasoning

The analytical approach to problem-solving involves breaking down the issue into its individual components

Relating to or using analysis or logical reasoning

Comparative

Title: Comparative

Pronunciation: /kəmˈper.ə.t‌ɪv/

Part of speech: adjective

Formal or informal: Formal

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive

Stress marks: kəmˈper.ə.t‌ɪv

Synonym: relative, proportional

Opposite: absolute

 

Involving comparison between two or more things

The comparative analysis of the two products revealed their differences in quality

Involving comparison between two or more things

Descriptive

Title: Descriptive

Pronunciation: /dɪˈskrɪp.tɪv/

Part of speech: adjective

Formal or informal: Informal

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive

Stress marks: dɪˈskrɪp.tɪv

Synonym: expressive, vivid

Opposite: vague

 

Providing details about something, often in a vivid or expressive manner

The descriptive language used in the novel painted a vivid picture of the setting

Providing details about something, often in a vivid or expressive manner

To cite

Title: To cite

Pronunciation: /saɪt/

Part of speech: verb

Formal or informal: Formal

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Transitive or intransitive: Transitive

Stress marks: saɪt

Synonym: quote, reference

Opposite: ignore

 

To quote or refer to a source, especially in support of an argument or statement

The author cited several scholarly articles to back up his claims

To quote or refer to a source, especially in support of an argument or statement

Classify

Title: Classify

Pronunciation: /ˈklæs.ə.faɪ/

Part of speech: verb

Formal or informal: Formal

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Transitive or intransitive: Transitive

Stress marks: ˈklæs.ə.faɪ

Synonym: categorize, sort

Opposite: mix

 

To arrange or categorize things based on shared characteristics or attributes

The librarian had to classify the new books into different genres for organization

To arrange or categorize things based on shared characteristics or attributes

Chart

Title: Chart

Pronunciation: /tʃɑːrt/

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: Both

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Stress marks: ˈchart

Synonym: graph, diagram

Opposite: text

 

A visual representation of data

The teacher used a chart to explain the results of the experiment

Document

Title: Document

Pronunciation: /ˈdɑːkjəmənt/

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: Both

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Stress marks: ˈdocument

Synonym: record, paper

Opposite: destroy

 

A written or printed record of information

Please make sure to bring all necessary documents to the meeting

Evaluation

Title: Evaluation

Pronunciation: /ɪˌvæljuˈeɪʃən/

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: Formal

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Stress marks: iˌvæljuˈeɪʃən

Synonym: assessment, appraisal

Opposite: disregard

 

The act of assessing or judging something

The evaluation of the project’s success was based on several factors

The act of assessing or judging something

Hypothesis

Title: Hypothesis

Pronunciation: /haɪˈpɒθəsɪs/

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: Formal

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Stress marks: haɪˈpɒθəsɪs

Synonym: theory, supposition

Opposite: fact

 

A proposed explanation for a phenomenon

The scientist’s hypothesis was later confirmed through experimentation

A proposed explanation for a phenomenon

Experiment

Title: Experiment

Pronunciation: /ɪkˈsperɪmənt/

Part of speech: noun/verb

Formal or informal: Both

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive (verb)

Stress marks: ɪkˈsperɪmənt

Synonym: test, trial

Opposite: certainty

 

A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery or test a hypothesis

The students conducted an experiment to test the effects of different temperatures on plant growth

A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery or test a hypothesis

Sample

Title: Sample

Pronunciation: /ˈsæmpəl/

Part of speech: noun/verb

Formal or informal: Both

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Transitive or intransitive: Transitive (verb)

Stress marks: ˈsample (noun), ˈsample (verb)

Synonym: specimen, example

Opposite: entirety

 

A small part or quantity intended to show what the whole is like; to take a sample of something

The chef offered a sample of the new dish to customers before adding it to the menu

A small part or quantity intended to show what the whole is like; to take a sample of something

Variable

Title: Variable

Pronunciation: /ˈveriəbl/

Part of speech: noun/adjective

Formal or informal: Both

Countable or uncountable: Countable 

Stress marks: ˈvariable (noun), ˈvariable (adjective)

Synonym: changeable, fluctuating

Opposite: constant

 

Something that is subject to change; liable to vary; not consistent or having a fixed pattern

The variable weather made it difficult to plan outdoor activities

Something that is subject to change; liable to vary; not consistent or having a fixed pattern

Questionnaire

Title: Questionnaire

Pronunciation: /ˌkwes.tʃənˈer/

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: Both 

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Stress marks: ˈquestionnaire

Synonym: survey, poll 



A set of questions for obtaining statistically useful or personal information from individuals

The company sent out a questionnaire to gather feedback from its customers

A set of questions for obtaining statistically useful or personal information from individuals

Reference

Title: Reference

Pronunciation: /ˈrefrəns/

Part of speech: noun/verb 

Formal or informal: Both 

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Stress marks: ˈreference

Synonym: citation, mention 



A mention or allusion to something; the action of mentioning or alluding to something

I included a reference to the author’s previous work in my essay

A mention or allusion to something; the action of mentioning or alluding to something

Trial

Title: Trial

Pronunciation: /traɪəl/

Part of speech: noun/verb 

Formal or informal: Both 

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Stress marks: ˈtrial

Synonym: test, experiment 

Definition: a formal examination of evidence before a judge, and typically before a jury, in order to decide guilt in a case of criminal or civil proceedings; test (something, especially a new product) to assess its suitability or performance

 

Example

The defendant’s trial lasted for several weeks

Example

principle

Title: principle

Pronunciation: /ˈprɪnsəpl/

Part of speech: noun 

Formal or informal: Both 

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Stress marks: ˈprinciple

Synonym: basis, foundation 

 

a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior

The company operates according to the principles of honesty and integrity

a fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior

proof

Title: proof

Pronunciation: /pruːf/

Part of speech: noun/verb 

Formal or informal: Both 

Countable or uncountable: Countable

Stress marks: ˈproof

Synonym: evidence, confirmation 

 

Evidence establishing a fact or the truth of a statement

The DNA test provided proof of the suspect’s innocence

Evidence establishing a fact or the truth of a statement