فهرست
Archive
Title: Archive
Pronunciation: ahr-kahyv
Part of speech: noun
Definition: a collection of historical documents or records providing information about a place, institution, or group of people.
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: ˈɑr kaɪv
Synonym: repository
Opposite: new documents
Example
The archive contains valuable historical documents dating back to the 18th century
Bibliography
Title: Bibliography
Pronunciation: bib-lee-og-ruh-fee
Part of speech: noun
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: ˌbɪb liˈɒg rə fi
Synonym: reference list
Opposite: plagiarism
A list of the books referred to in a scholarly work, typically printed as an appendix
The bibliography at the end of the research paper listed all the sources used
Abolition
Title: Abolition
Pronunciation: uh-buh-li-shuhn
Part of speech: noun
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: ˌæb əˈlɪʃ ən
Synonym: eradication
Opposite: establishment
The action of abolishing a system, practice, or institution
The abolition of slavery was a significant milestone in American history
Battlefield
Title: Battlefield
Pronunciation: bat-l-feeld
Part of speech: noun
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: ˈbæt lˌfild
Synonym: war zone
Opposite: peaceful territory
a place where a battle is fought
The soldiers advanced across the battlefield, facing heavy enemy fire
Shield
Title: Shield
Pronunciation: sheeld
Part of speech: noun
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: ʃild
Synonym: protection
Opposite: vulnerability
a broad piece of armor, varying widely in form and size, carried apart from the body
The knight raised his shield to protect himself from the enemy’s attack
Spear
Title: Spear
Pronunciation: speer
Part of speech: noun
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: spɪər
Synonym: lance
Opposite: shield
a weapon with a long shaft and a pointed tip, typically used for thrusting or throwing
The warrior hurled his spear at the charging enemy
Tomahawk
Title: Tomahawk
Pronunciation: tuh-muh-hawk
Part of speech: noun
Formal or informal: informal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: təˈməˌhɔk
Synonym: hatchet
Opposite :peace pipe
a light ax used as a tool or weapon by Native Americans
The tomahawk was traditionally used for hunting and cutting wood
Bow
Title: Bow
Pronunciation :boh
Part of speech :noun
Definition :a weapon for shooting arrows, typically made of a curved piece of wood whose ends are joined by a taut string.
Formal or informal :formal
Countable or uncountable :countable
Transitive or intransitive :intransitive
Stress marks :baʊ
Synonym :archery equipment
Opposite :arrow
Example
The archer drew back the bowstring and released the arrow
Dagger
Title: Dagger
Pronunciation :dag–er
Part of speech :noun
Formal or informal :formal
Countable or uncountable :countable
Transitive or intransitive :intransitive
Stress marks :ˈdæg ər
Synonym :knife
Opposite :peace
A short knife with a pointed and edged blade, used as a weapon
The assassin concealed a dagger under his cloak
Cannon
Title: Cannon
Pronunciation :kan–uhn
Part of speech :noun
Formal or informal :formal
Countable or uncountable :countable
Transitive or intransitive :intransitive
Stress marks :ˈkæn ən
Synonym :artillery
Opposite :peaceful
a large, heavy piece of artillery, typically mounted on wheels, formerly used in warfare.
The cannon fired a deafening blast during the battle
Carriage
Title: Carriage
Pronunciation :kar–ij
Part of speech :noun
Stress marks:’kær ɪdʒ
Synonym:wagon
Opposite:hitching post
a four-wheeled vehicle for conveying a horse-drawn load
The carriage transported passengers between the train station and the hotel
Chariot
Title: Chariot
Pronunciation:’cher–ee-uht
Stress marks:’tʃær i ət
Synonym:racing cart
Opposite:faster horse
a two-wheeled vehicle pulled by horses and used in ancient warfare and racing
The chariot races were a popular event in ancient Rome
Dungeon
Title: Dungeon
Pronunciation:’duhn-juhn
Stress marks:’dʌn dʒən
Synonym:jail cell
Opposite:forgiveness
a strong underground prison cell, especially in a castle
The prisoner was confined to the dark dungeon for months
Fort
Title: Fort
Pronunciation:fawrt
Part of speech:noun
Stress marks:fɔrt
Synonym:garrison
Opposite:vulnerability
a fortified building or strategic position used by military forces
The soldiers defended the fort against enemy attacks
Conqueror
Title: Conqueror
Pronunciation: kong-ker-er
Part of speech: noun
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: ˈkɒŋ kər ər
Synonym: victor
Opposite: defeated
a person who conquers a place or people
The conqueror led his army to victory and claimed the land as his own
Successor
Title: Successor
Pronunciation: suk-ses-er
Part of speech: noun
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: səkˈsɛs ər
Synonym: heir
Opposite: predecessor
a person or thing that succeeds another
The prince was named as the successor to the throne
Reign
Title: Reign
Pronunciation: reyn
Part of speech: noun
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: reɪn
Synonym: rule
Opposite: overthrow
The period during which a sovereign rules
The king’s reign was marked by peace and prosperity
To crown
Title: To crown
Pronunciation: kroun
Part of speech: verb
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: past tense is “crowned”
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: transitive
Transitive or intransitive: transitive
Stress marks: kraʊn
Synonym: coronate
Opposite: dethrone
To declare or acknowledge as a sovereign or king
The ceremony will crown the new monarch as the rightful ruler.
Peasant
Title: Peasant
Pronunciation: pez-uhnt
Part of speech: noun
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: ˈpɛz ənt
Synonym: farmer
Opposite: noble
A poor farmer of low social status
The peasant worked the fields from dawn till dusk to make a living
Primitive
Title: Primitive
Pronunciation: prim-i-tiv
Part of speech: adjective
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: ˈprɪm ɪ tɪv
Synonym: ancient
Opposite: modern
Relating to the earliest times or ancient history
The primitive tools were made from stone and wood
Prehistoric
Title: Prehistoric
Pronunciation: pree-his-tawr-ik, -tohr-
Part of speech: adjective
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: priˌhɪsˈtɔr ɪk, -ˈtoʊr-
Synonym: ancient
Opposite: modern
Relating to or denoting the period before written records
The museum displayed artifacts from prehistoric times
Stone Age
Title: Stone Age
Pronunciation: stohn eyj
Part of speech :noun
Formal or informal :formal
Countable or uncountable :countable
Transitive or intransitive :intransitive
Stress marks :stoʊn eɪdʒ
Synonym :prehistoric era
Opposite :modern age
The earliest known period of human culture, characterized by the use of stone tools.
The Stone Age lasted for thousands of years before the advent of metal tools
Ice Age
Title: Ice Age
Pronunciation :ahys eyj
Part of speech :noun
Formal or informal :formal
Countable or uncountable :countable
Transitive or intransitive :intransitive
Stress marks :aɪs eɪdʒ
Synonym :glacial period
Opposite :warm period
A glacial episode during a past geological period
Mammoths and other large mammals roamed the Earth during the Ice Age
Bronze Age
Title: Bronze Age
Pronunciation :bronz eyj
Part of speech :noun
Formal or informal :formal
Countable or uncountable :countable
Transitive or intransitive :intransitive
Stress marks :bronz eɪdʒ
Synonym :metalworking era
Opposite :Stone Age
The period following the Stone Age, characterized by the use of bronze tools and weapons
The Bronze Age saw significant advancements in metalworking
Iron Age
Title: Iron Age
Pronunciation :ahy–ern eyj
Part of speech :noun
Formal or informal :formal
Countable or uncountable :countable
Transitive or intransitive :intransitive
Stress marks :aɪ ərn eɪdʒ
Synonym :metalworking era
Opposite :Bronze Age
The period following the Bronze Age, characterized by the use of iron tools and weapons.
The Iron Age marked a significant shift in human technological development
Golden Age
Title: Golden Age
Pronunciation :gohl-duhn eyj
Part of speech :noun
Formal or informal :formal
Countable or uncountable :countable
Transitive or intransitive :intransitive
Stress marks :’goʊl dən eɪdʒ
Synonym :age of prosperity
Opposite :dark age
A period of great peace, prosperity, and happiness
The Golden Age of Greece saw advancements in art, literature, and philosophy
Medieval
Title: Medieval
Pronunciation :med–ee–ee-vuhl
Part of speech :adjective
Stress marks:’mɛd iˈi vəl
Synonym:fuedal
Opposite:rational
Relating to the Middle Ages, a period between ancient and modern times
Medieval castles were built to withstand attacks from invaders
Enlightenment
Title: Enlightenment
Pronunciation:i-n-lahyt-n-muhnt
Stress marks:iˌnlaɪt n mənt
Synonym:intellectual awakening
Opposite:ignorance
A European intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition
The Enlightenment led to significant advancements in science, philosophy, and politics
Civil War
Title: Civil War
Pronunciation:siv–uhl wawr
Stress marks:’sɪv əl wɔr
Synonym:civil conflict
Opposite:national unity
A war between citizens of the same country
The Civil War resulted in significant loss of life and destruction across the nation
Colonial
Title: Colonial
Pronunciation: kuh-loh-nee-uhl
Part of speech: adjective
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: kəˈloʊ ni əl
Synonym: colonialist
Opposite: independent
Relating to or characteristic of a colony or colonies
The colonial period saw the expansion of European powers into new territories
Imperial
Title: Imperial
Pronunciation: im-peer-ee-uhl
Part of speech: adjective
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: ɪmˈpɪər i əl
Synonym: regal
Opposite: democratic
Relating to an empire or emperor
The imperial palace was a symbol of the emperor’s power
Mythology
Title: Mythology
Pronunciation: mi-thol-uh-jee
Part of speech: noun
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: mɪˈθɒl ə dʒi
Synonym: folklore
Opposite: reality
A collection of myths, especially belonging to a particular religious or cultural tradition
Greek mythology includes stories of gods, heroes, and monsters
Industrial Revolution
Title: Industrial Revolution
Pronunciation: in-duhs-tree-uhl rev-uh-loo-shuhn
Part of speech: noun
Definition: the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: ɪnˈdʌs tri əl ˌrɛv əˈlu ʃən
Synonym: industrialization
Opposite: pre-industrial
Example
The Industrial Revolution brought about significant changes in technology, society, and the economy
Pharaoh
Title: Pharaoh
Pronunciation: fair-oh
Part of speech: noun
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: ˈfer oʊ
Synonym: monarch
Opposite: commoner
A ruler in ancient Egypt
The pharaoh was considered a divine figure by the ancient Egyptians
Archaeology
Title: Archaeology
Pronunciation: ahr-kee-ol-uh-jee
Part of speech: noun
Definition: the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of artifacts and other physical remains.
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: ˌɑr kiˈɒl ə dʒi
Synonym: excavation
Opposite: modern history
Example
Archaeology helps us understand ancient cultures and civilizations
Bloodline
Title: Bloodline
Pronunciation: bluhd-lahyn
Part of speech: noun
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: ˈblʌd laɪn
Synonym: lineage
Opposite: non-related
Direct descent from a particular ancestor; pedigree
The royal family’s bloodline can be traced back for centuries
Ranged Weapon
Title: Ranged Weapon
Pronunciation :reynjd weap–uhn
Part of speech :noun
Formal or informal :formal
Countable or uncountable :countable
Transitive or intransitive :intransitive
Stress marks :reɪndʒd ˈwɛp ən
Synonym :distance weapon
Opposite :melee weapon
A weapon that can be used to attack targets at a distance
The bow and arrow is a classic example of a ranged weapon
Machete
Title: Machete
Pronunciation :muh-shet–ee
Part of speech :noun
Formal or informal :informal
Countable or uncountable :countable
Transitive or intransitive :intransitive
Stress marks :’mʌʃ ɛt i
Synonym :cleaver
A broad, heavy knife used as an implement or weapon
The machete is commonly used for cutting through dense vegetation
Spartan
Title: Spartan
Pronunciation :spahr–tn
Part of speech :adjective
Formal or informal :formal
Countable or uncountable :countable
Transitive or intransitive :intransitive
Stress marks :’spɑr tn
Synonym :austere
Opposite :luxurious
showing the indifference to comfort or luxury traditionally associated with ancient Sparta
The Spartan lifestyle focused on discipline, frugality, and military training
