Plants and vegetation

Lesson 18
فهرست
Bark Blossom Bulb Cane Crown Cutting Petal Timber Genus Algae Seaweed Fungus Maple Needle Lush Pod Vegetation Window box To pollinate Pollination Shoot Reed Dahlia Dogwood Honeysuckle Iris Magnolia Mimosa Myrtle Quince Snowdrop

Bark

Title: Bark

Pronunciation: bɑrk

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: formal

Countable or uncountable: countable

Transitive or intransitive: intransitive

Stress marks: bɑrk

Synonym: rind



The tough protective outer sheath of the trunk, branches, and twigs of a tree or woody shrub

The bark of the oak tree was rough and deeply furrowed

The tough protective outer sheath of the trunk, branches, and twigs of a tree or woody shrub

Blossom

Title: Blossom

Pronunciation: ˈblɒsəm

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: formal

Countable or uncountable: countable

Transitive or intransitive: intransitive

Stress marks: ˈblɒsəm

Synonym: flower

Opposite: wither

 

A flower or a mass of flowers on a tree or bush

The cherry blossoms were in full bloom in the spring

A flower or a mass of flowers on a tree or bush

Bulb

Title: Bulb

Pronunciation: bʌlb

Part of speech: noun

Definition: a rounded underground storage organ present in some plants, notably those of the lily family, consisting of a short stem surrounded by fleshy scale leaves or leaf bases and lying dormant over winter

Formal or informal: formal

Countable or uncountable: countable

Transitive or intransitive: intransitive

Stress marks: bʌlb

Synonym: tuber

 

Example

Daffodils grow from bulbs planted in the fall

Example

Cane

Title: Cane

Pronunciation: keɪn

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: formal

Countable or uncountable: countable

Transitive or intransitive: intransitive

Stress marks: keɪn

Synonym: stalk

 

The hollow, jointed stem of a tall grass, especially bamboo or sugar cane

The old man walked with a cane to support his weight

The hollow, jointed stem of a tall grass, especially bamboo or sugar cane

Crown

Title: Crown

Pronunciation: kraʊn

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: formal

Countable or uncountable: countable

Transitive or intransitive: intransitive

Stress marks: kraʊn

Synonym: top

Opposite: base

The top or highest part of something, especially one forming a point

The crown of the tree reached high into the sky

The top or highest part of something, especially one forming a point

Cutting

Title: Cutting

Pronunciation: ˈkʌtɪŋ

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: formal

Countable or uncountable: countable

Transitive or intransitive: intransitive

Stress marks: ˈkʌtɪŋ

Synonym: clipping

Opposite: whole

 

A piece cut off from something, especially a plant for propagation

She planted the cutting from the rose bush to grow a new plant

A piece cut off from something, especially a plant for propagation

Petal

Title: Petal

Pronunciation: ˈpɛtəl

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: formal

Countable or uncountable: countable

Transitive or intransitive: intransitive

Stress marks: ˈpɛtəl

Synonym: bloom

 

Each of the segments of the corolla of a flower, which are modified leaves and are typically colored

The rose had delicate pink petals with a sweet fragrance

Each of the segments of the corolla of a flower, which are modified leaves and are typically colored

Timber

Title: Timber

Pronunciation: ˈtɪmbər

Part of speech :noun  

Definition :wood prepared for use in building and carpentry  

Example :The cabin was constructed from locally sourced timber

Formal or informal :formal  

Countable or uncountable :uncountable  

Transitive or intransitive :intransitive  

Stress marks :ˈtɪmbər   

Synonym :lumber  



wood prepared for use in building and carpentry

The cabin was constructed from locally sourced timber

wood prepared for use in building and carpentry

Genus

Title: Genus

Pronunciation :ˈdʒiːnəs 

Part of speech :noun 

Definition :a principal taxonomic category that ranks above species and below family, and is denoted by a capitalized Latin name. 

Formal or informal :formal 

Countable or uncountable :countable 

Transitive or intransitive :intransitive 

Stress marks :ˈdʒiːnəs   

Synonym :category   

 

Example

The genus Rosa includes all species of roses

Example

Algae

Title: Algae

Pronunciation :ˈældʒi 

Part of speech :noun 

Definition:a simple, nonflowering, and typically aquatic plant of a large group that includes the seaweeds and many single-celled forms

Formal or informal :formal 

Countable or uncountable :uncountable 

Transitive or intransitive :intransitive 

Stress marks :ˈældʒi   

Synonym :seaweed   

 

Example

The pond was covered in green algae

Example

Seaweed

Title: Seaweed

Pronunciation :ˈsiːwiːd 

Part of speech :noun 

Definition :large algae growing in the sea, especially when causing a nuisance by covering a beach or obstructing a fishing net

Formal or informal :informal 

Countable or uncountable :uncountable 

Transitive or intransitive :intransitive 

Stress marks :’siːwiːd   

Synonym :’algae   

Opposite :’clear water  

 

Example

The children collected colorful seaweed on the beach

Example

Fungus

Title: Fungus

Pronunciation :’fʌŋgəs 

Part of speech :noun 

Definition :a parasitic plant lacking chlorophyll, such as mold, mildew, rust, smut, mushrooms, and toadstools

Formal or informal :formal 

Countable or uncountable :countable 

Transitive or intransitive :intransitive 

Stress marks :’fʌŋgəs   

Synonym :’mold   

Opposite :’clean environment  

 

Example

The damp conditions in the basement led to the growth of fungus on the walls

Example

Maple

Title: Maple

Pronunciation :’meɪpəl 

Part of speech :noun 

Definition :a tree or shrub with lobed leaves, winged fruits, and colorful autumn foliage, grown as an ornamental or for its timber or syrupy sap

Formal or informal :formal 

Countable or uncountable :countable 

Transitive or intransitive :intransitive 

Stress marks :’meɪpəl   

Synonym :’tree   

Opposite :’evergreen 

Example

The maple tree in the backyard turned bright red in the fall

Example

Needle

Title: Needle

Pronunciation :’niːdəl 

Part of speech :noun  

Formal or informal :formal  

Countable or uncountable :countable  

Transitive or intransitive :intransitive  

Stress marks :’niːdəl   

Synonym :’pin’  

Opposite :’thick fabric’  

 

A very thin pointed piece of metal with a hole for thread used in sewing

She threaded the needle to mend her torn shirt

A very thin pointed piece of metal with a hole for thread used in sewing

Lush

Title: Lush

Pronunciation:lʌʃ 

Part of speech:noun  

Formal or informal:informal  

Stress marks:lʌʃ  

Synonym:lively  

Opposite:withered  

 

A very rich green color; very healthy and growing quickly

The garden was filled with lush green plants and flowers

A very rich green color; very healthy and growing quickly

Pod

Title: Pod

Pronunciation:pɒd 

Part of speech:noun  

Definition:a long, narrow, flat part of some plants, such as beans and peas, that contains the seeds and usually has a thick skin

Stress marks:pɒd  

Synonym:capsule  

 

Example

The farmer harvested the ripe pea pods from the plants.

Example

Vegetation

Title: Vegetation

Pronunciation: ˌvɛdʒɪˈteɪʃən

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: formal

Countable or uncountable: uncountable

Transitive or intransitive: intransitive

Stress marks: ˌvɛdʒɪˈteɪʃən

Synonym: flora

Opposite: barrenness

 

plants considered collectively, especially those found in a particular area or habitat

The dense vegetation in the rainforest made it difficult to see far ahead

plants considered collectively, especially those found in a particular area or habitat

Window box

Title: Window box

Pronunciation: ˈwɪndəʊ bɒks

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal: informal

Countable or uncountable: countable

Transitive or intransitive: intransitive

Stress marks: ˈwɪndəʊ bɒks

Synonym: planter

 

A long, narrow container, typically placed on a windowsill, in which plants are grown

She planted colorful flowers in the window box to brighten up the exterior of her house

A long, narrow container, typically placed on a windowsill, in which plants are grown

To pollinate

Title: To pollinate

Pronunciation: ˈpɒlɪneɪt

Part of speech: verb

Definition: to transfer pollen from the male reproductive organ of a flower to the female reproductive organ, allowing fertilization and the production of seeds.

Formal or informal: formal

Countable or uncountable: transitive

Transitive or intransitive: transitive

Stress marks: ˈpɒlɪneɪt

Synonym: fertilize

Opposite: prevent pollination

 

Example

Bees play a crucial role in helping to pollinate flowers and crops

Example

Pollination

Title: Pollination

Pronunciation: ˌpɒlɪˈneɪʃən

Part of speech: noun

Definition: the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive organ to the female reproductive organ of a flower, enabling fertilization and the production of seeds

Formal or informal: formal

Countable or uncountable: uncountable

Transitive or intransitive: intransitive

Stress marks: ˌpɒlɪˈneɪʃən

Synonym: fertilization

Opposite: depollination

 

Example

Wind and insects are common agents of pollination in flowering plants

Example

Shoot

Title: Shoot

Pronunciation: ʃuːt

Part of speech: noun/verb

Definition: (noun) a new growth from a plant, especially a young branch or stem; (verb) to produce new growth or shoots

Formal or informal: informal

Countable or uncountable: countable/uncountable (depends on usage)

Transitive or intransitive: intransitive (verb)

Stress marks: ʃuːt (noun and verb)

Synonym (noun): sprout

Opposite (noun): wither

 

Example

(noun): The rose bush produced several new shoots in the spring/ (verb): The plant began to shoot new growth after being watered

Example

Reed

Title: Reed

Pronunciation: riːd

Part of speech: noun

Formal or informal :formal 

Countable or uncountable :countable 

Transitive or intransitive :intransitive 

Stress marks :riːd   

Synonym :cane  

 

A tall, slender-leaved plant of the grass family that grows in water or on marshy ground.

The pond was surrounded by tall reeds

A tall, slender-leaved plant of the grass family that grows in water or on marshy ground.

Dahlia

Title: Dahlia

Pronunciation :ˈdeɪliə 

Part of speech :noun 

Definition :a tuberous-rooted Mexican plant of the daisy family, cultivated for its brightly colored single or double flowers

Formal or informal :formal 

Countable or uncountable :countable 

Transitive or intransitive :intransitive 

Stress marks :ˈdeɪliə   

Synonym :flower  

Example

The garden was filled with dahlias of various colors

Example

Dogwood

Title: Dogwood

Pronunciation :’dɒgˌwʊd 

Part of speech :noun 

Definition :a small tree or shrub with clusters of small flowers surrounded by four large white, pink, or red bracts

Formal or informal :formal 

Countable or uncountable :countable 

Transitive or intransitive :intransitive 

Stress marks :’dɒgˌwʊd   

Synonym :tree   

 

Example

The dogwood tree in the backyard bloomed beautifully in the spring

Example

Honeysuckle

Title: Honeysuckle

Pronunciation :’hʌnizʌk(ə)l 

Part of speech :noun 

Definition :a widely distributed climbing shrub with tubular flowers that are typically sweet-scented, native to both Eurasia and North America

Formal or informal :informal 

Countable or uncountable :countable 

Transitive or intransitive :intransitive 

Stress marks :’hʌnizʌk(ə)l   

Synonym :’climbing plant   

 

Example

The fragrance of honeysuckle filled the air in the garden

Example

Iris

Title: Iris

Pronunciation :’aɪrɪs 

Part of speech :noun 

Formal or informal :formal 

Countable or uncountable :countable 

Transitive or intransitive :intransitive 

Stress marks :’aɪrɪs   

Synonym :’flower   

 

A showy flower, typically purple, yellow, or white, with three petals and three drooping sepals

The iris blooms added vibrant colors to the garden

A showy flower, typically purple, yellow, or white, with three petals and three drooping sepals

Magnolia

Title: Magnolia

Pronunciation:mægˈnoʊliə 

Definition:a tree or shrub with large, typically creamy-pink, waxy flowers, native to East Asia and North America 

Part of speech:noun  

Stress marks:mægˈnoʊliə  



Example

The magnolia tree in the park was in full bloom

Example

Mimosa

Title: Mimosa

Pronunciation:mɪˈmoʊsə  

Part of speech:noun  

Definition:a tropical tree with clusters of small yellow flowers and compound leaves that are often sensitive to touch

Stress marks:mɪˈmoʊsə  

 

Example

The mimosa tree is known for its delicate leaves and fragrant flowers

Example

Myrtle

Title: Myrtle

Pronunciation:’mɜrtl  

Definition:a widely cultivated evergreen shrub with glossy aromatic leaves and white flowers, native to southern Europe and western Asia

Stress marks:’mɜrtl  

 

Example

The myrtle bushes lined the path leading to the garden

Example

Quince

Title: Quince

Pronunciation:kwins  

Definition:a hard, acid, pear-shaped fruit used in preserves or as flavoring for other fruits, especially apples

Stress marks:kwins 

Example

The quince tree bore fruit that was perfect for making jams and jellies

Example

Snowdrop

Title: Snowdrop

Pronunciation:’snoʊdrɑp  

Part of speech:noun  

Stress marks:’snoʊdrɑp  

 

A low-growing European plant with small white flowers that bloom in early spring

The snowdrops were the first flowers to appear after the winter thaw

A low-growing European plant with small white flowers that bloom in early spring