فهرست
Latitude
Title: Latitude
Pronunciation: ˈlætɪˌtud
Part of speech: noun
Definition: the angular distance of a place north or south of the earth’s equator, usually expressed in degrees and minutes.
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: ˈlætɪˌtud
Synonym: parallel
Opposite: longitude
Example
The city is located at a latitude of 40 degrees north
Longitude
Title: Longitude
Pronunciation: ˈlɒndʒɪˌtud
Part of speech: noun
Definition: the angular distance of a place east or west of the meridian at Greenwich, England, usually expressed in degrees and minutes
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: ˈlɒndʒɪˌtud
Synonym: meridian
Opposite: latitude
Example
The coordinates of the shipwreck were given as 40 degrees north latitude and 73 degrees west longitude
Bay
Title: Bay
Pronunciation: beɪ
Part of speech: noun
Formal or informal: informal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: beɪ
Synonym: inlet
Opposite: headland
A broad inlet of the sea where the land curves inward
The bay provided a safe harbor for the fishing boats during the storm
Branch
Title: Branch
Pronunciation: bræntʃ
Part of speech: noun/verb
Definition (noun): a part of a tree that grows out from the trunk or from a bough
Definition (verb): to divide into smaller parts or groups
Formal or informal: informal
Countable or uncountable: countable (noun)
Transitive or intransitive: transitive (verb)
Stress marks: bræntʃ (noun and verb)
Synonym (noun): limb/division
Synonym (verb): diversify
Opposite (noun): trunk
Opposite (verb): consolidate
Example
(noun): The branch of the tree extended over the river/ (verb): The company plans to branch out into new markets
Clearing
Title: Clearing
Pronunciation :ˈklɪrɪŋ
Part of speech :noun
Formal or informal :informal
Countable or uncountable :countable
Transitive or intransitive :intransitive
Stress marks :ˈklɪrɪŋ
Synonym :glade
Opposite :forest
An open space in a forest, especially one cleared for cultivation
The clearing in the woods was perfect for setting up camp
Cove
Title: Cove
Pronunciation :koʊv
Part of speech :noun
Formal or informal :informal
Countable or uncountable :countable
Transitive or intransitive :intransitive
Stress marks :koʊv
Synonym :inlet
Opposite :headland
A small sheltered bay
The cove was a popular spot for snorkeling and swimming
Crater
Title: Crater
Pronunciation :ˈkreɪtər
Part of speech :noun
Formal or informal :formal
Countable or uncountable :countable
Transitive or intransitive :intransitive
Stress marks :ˈkreɪtər
Synonym :depression
Opposite :summit
A bowl-shaped depression formed by the impact of a meteorite, volcanic activity, or an explosion
The hikers reached the edge of the crater and peered down into its depths
Deposit
Title: Deposit
Pronunciation :dɪˈpɒzɪt
Part of speech :noun/verb
Definition (noun) :a sum of money placed in a bank account.
Definition (verb) :to put down or drop something in a specificplace
Formal or informal :formal
Countable or uncountable :countable/uncountable (depends on usage)
Transitive or intransitive :transitive (verb)
Stress marks :dɪˈpɒzɪt
Synonym (noun) :investment
Synonym (verb) :place
Opposite (noun) :withdrawal
Opposite (verb) :withdraw
Example
(noun) :She made a deposit at the bank before heading to work/ (verb) :The river deposited silt along its banks after the flood
Dock
Title: Dock
Pronunciation :dɒk
Part of speech :noun/verb
Definition (noun) :an enclosed area in a harbor where ships are loaded, unloaded, and repaired
Definition (verb) :to bring a ship into a dock
Formal or informal :informal
Countable or uncountable :countable
Transitive or intransitive :transitive (verb)
Stress marks :dɒk
Synonym (noun) :wharf
Synonym (verb) :moor
Opposite (noun) :harbor
Opposite (verb) :undock
Example
(noun) :The cargo ship was moored at the dock for unloading/ (verb) :The captain carefully docked the ship at the pier
Estuary
Title: Estuary
Pronunciation :’ɛstjʊˌɛri
Part of speech:noun
Definition:a partially enclosed coastal body of water where freshwater from rivers and streams meets and mixes with saltwater from the ocean
Stress marks:’ɛstjʊˌɛri
Example
The estuary is an important habitat for many species of fish and birds
Flow
Title: Flow
Pronunciation:floʊ
Part of speech:noun/verb
Definition (noun):the action or fact of moving along in a steady, continuous stream
Definition (verb):to move along steadily and continuously in a current or stream
Stress marks:floʊ
Example
(noun):The flow of water down the river was swift after the heavy rainfall / (verb):The river flowed gently through the valley
Gulf
Title: Gulf
Pronunciation:gʌlf
Part of speech:noun
Stress marks:gʌlf
A deep inlet of the sea almost surrounded by land, with a narrow mouth
The gulf was known for its strong currents and rich marine life
Horizon
Title: Horizon
Pronunciation:həˈraɪzən
Part of speech:noun
Stress marks:həˈraɪzən
The line at which the earth’s surface and the sky appear to meet
The sun dipped below the horizon, casting a warm glow over the landscape
Iceberg
Title: Iceberg
Pronunciation:’aɪsbərg
Part of speech:noun
Stress marks:’aɪsbərg
A large floating mass of ice detached from a glacier or ice sheet and carried out to sea
The ship had to navigate carefully through the icy waters to avoid colliding with an iceberg
Peak
Title: Peak
Pronunciation:pik
Part of speech:noun/verb
Definition (noun):the pointed top of a mountain.
Definition (verb):reach a highest point, either of a specified value or at a specified time
Stress marks:pik
Synonym (noun):summit
Synonym (verb):climax
Opposite (noun):base
Opposite (verb):decline
Example
(noun):The climbers finally reached the peak after days of trekking/ (verb):Sales typically peak during the holiday season
Peninsula
Title: Peninsula
Pronunciation:pəˈnɪnsələ
Part of speech:noun
Stress marks:pəˈnɪnsələ
A piece of land almost surrounded by water but connected to a larger landmass
The peninsula jutted out into the ocean, offering stunning views from all sides
Plain
Title: Plain
Pronunciation:pleɪn
Part of speech:noun/adjective
Definition (noun):a large area of flat land with few trees.
Definition (adjective):not decorated; simple or ordinary in character
Countable or uncountable:(depends on usage)
Transitive or intransitive:(depends on usage)
Stress marks:pleɪn
Synonym (noun):prairie
Synonym (adjective):simple
Opposite (noun):mountain
Opposite (adjective):ornate
Example
(noun):The vast plain stretched out as far as the eye could see / (adjective):She wore a plain white dress to the party
Plateau
Title: Plateau
Pronunciation: plæˈtoʊ
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: plæˈtoʊ
Synonym: tableland
Opposite: valley
An area of relatively level high ground
The plateau offered stunning views of the surrounding landscape
Pole
Title: Pole
Pronunciation: poʊl
Part of speech: noun
Definition: a long, slender, rounded piece of wood or metal, typically used with one end placed in the ground as a support for something
Formal or informal: informal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: transitive
Stress marks: poʊl
Synonym: rod
Opposite: base
Example
The flag was attached to the pole at the center of the square
Pond
Title: Pond
Pronunciation: pɒnd
Part of speech: noun
Formal or informal: informal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: pɒnd
Synonym: pool
Opposite: stream
A small body of still water formed naturally or by artificial means
The pond was teeming with fish and frogs
Range
Title: Range
Pronunciation: reɪndʒ
Part of speech: noun/verb
Definition (noun): an area of open land, especially one with low vegetation
Definition (verb): to vary within certain limits
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable (noun)
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive (verb)
Stress marks: reɪndʒ (noun and verb)
Synonym (noun): area/division
Synonym (verb): vary
Opposite (noun): peak
Opposite (verb): stabilize
Example
(noun): The mountain range stretched across the horizon/ (verb): The prices range from 10 to50
Ravine
Title: Ravine
Pronunciation: rəˈvin
Part of speech: noun
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: rəˈvin
Synonym: gorge
Opposite: plateau
A deep, narrow gorge with steep sides
The hikers followed the trail down into the ravine
Reservoir
Title: Reservoir
Pronunciation: ˈrɛzərˌvwɑr, -vɔr, -vɔɪr, -vɔr, ˈrɛzərˌvwaɪər
Part of speech: noun
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: ˈrɛzərˌvwɑr, -vɔr, -vɔɪr, -vɔr, ˈrɛzərˌvwaɪər
Synonym: cistern
Opposite: drought
A large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply
The reservoir provided water for irrigation to the surrounding farmlands
Summit
Title: Summit
Pronunciation: ˈsʌmɪt
Part of speech: noun/verb
Definition (noun): the highest point of a hill or mountain.
Definition (verb): reach the highest point, either of a specified value or at a specified time
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable (noun)
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive (verb)
Stress marks: ˈsʌmɪt (noun and verb)
Synonym (noun): peak
Synonym (verb): climax
Opposite (noun): base
Opposite (verb): decline
Example
(noun): The climbers finally reached the summit after days of trekking/ (verb): Sales typically summit during the holiday season
Swamp
Title: Swamp
Pronunciation: swɒmp
Part of speech: noun/verb
Definition (noun): an area of low-lying, uncultivated ground where water collects; a bog or marsh.
Definition (verb): overwhelm or flood with water
Example
(noun): The swamp was home to a variety of wildlife/ (verb): Heavy rains caused the river to swamp the surrounding fields
Tundra
Title: Tundra
Pronunciation :ˈtʌndrə
Part of speech :noun
Definition :a vast, flat, treeless Arctic region of Europe, Asia, and North America in which the subsoil is permanently frozen
Formal or informal :formal
Countable or uncountable :uncountable
Stress marks :ˈtʌndrə
Synonym :Arctic plains
Opposite :forest
Example
The tundra is known for its harsh climate and unique plant life
To erode
Title: To erode
Pronunciation :ɪˈroʊd
Part of speech :verb
Irregular spelling and irregular forms :eroded, eroding
Formal or informal :formal
Countable or uncountable :uncountable
Transitive or intransitive :transitive
Stress marks :ɪˈroʊd
Synonym :deteriorate
Opposite :reinforce
Gradually destroy something by the action of wind, water, or other natural agents
The cliffs were eroded by years of heavy rainfall and strong winds
Arid
Title: Arid
Pronunciation :ˈærɪd
Part of speech :adjective
Formal or informal :formal
Countable or uncountable :uncountable
Transitive or intransitive :intransitive
Stress marks :ˈærɪd
Synonym :dry/desertlike
Opposite :lush
Having little or no rain; too dry or barren to support vegetation
The arid desert landscape stretched out for miles without any signs of life
Barren
Title: Barren
Pronunciation :ˈbærən
Part of speech :adjective/noun
Definition (adjective) :too poor to produce much or any vegetation.
Definition (noun) :an uninhabited wilderness that is worthless for cultivation
Formal or informal :formal
Countable or uncountable :(depends on usage)
Transitive or intransitive :(depends on usage)
Stress marks :ˈbærən
Synonym (adjective) :infertile
Synonym (noun) :wasteland
Opposite (adjective) :fertile
Opposite (noun) :oasis
Example
(adjective) :The barren land was unsuitable for farming/ (noun) :The explorers trekked through a barren in search of new territory
Coastal
Title: Coastal
Pronunciation :’koʊstl
Part of speech:noun
Stress marks:’koʊstl
A region near the ocean
The coastal towns are popular tourist destinations
Fertile
Title: Fertile
Pronunciation :’fɜrtl
Part of speech:noun
Stress marks:’fɜrtl
(of soil or land) producing or capable of producing abundant vegetation or crops
The fertile fields yielded bountiful harvests every year
Inland
Title: Inland
Pronunciation :’ɪnlənd
Part of speech:noun
Stress marks:’ɪnlənd
situated in the interior of a country rather than on the coast
The inland regions experienced extreme temperatures during the summer months
Offshore
Title: Offshore
Pronunciation :’ɔfʃoʊr
Part of speech:noun
Stress marks:’ɔfʃoʊr
Situated at sea some distance from the shore
The offshore oil platform extracted crude oil from beneath the ocean floor
Marine
Title: Marine
Pronunciation:məˈrin
Part of speech:noun/verb/adjective
Definition (noun):a member of a body of troops trained to serve on land or at sea
Definition (verb):relating to shipping, navigation, and seafaring activities
Definition (adjective):of, found in, or produced by the sea
Countable or uncountable:(depends on usage)
Transitive or intransitive:(depends on usage)
Stress marks:məˈrin
Synonym (noun):soldier
Synonym (verb):nautical
Synonym (adjective):seafaring
Opposite (noun):soldier
Opposite (verb):landlubber
Opposite (adjective):terrestrial
Example
(noun):The marines were deployed to assist with disaster relief efforts / (verb):The company specialized in marine transportation services/ (adjective):Marine life is diverse and abundant in coral reefs
Neighboring
Title: Neighboring
Pronunciation:’neɪbərɪŋ
Part of speech:noun/verb/adjective
Definition:a person living near another; a person who shows kindliness or helpfulness toward his/her fellow humans; one’s fellow human being.
Countable or uncountable:(depends on usage)
Transitive or intransitive:(depends on usage)
Stress marks:’neɪbərɪŋ
Example
The neighboring towns collaborated on a community cleanup project
Upstream
Title: Upstream
Pronunciation: /ʌpˈstriːm/
Part of speech: Adverb
Definition: In the direction against the current of a stream or towards the source of a stream; figuratively, in the direction opposite to that of some kind of flow.
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: No irregular spelling or irregular forms.
Formal or informal: Can be used in both formal and informal contexts.
Stress marks: The stress is on the second syllable: upSTREAM.
Synonym: Upriver
Opposite: Downstream
Example
The salmon swim upstream to spawn
Altitude
Title: Altitude
Pronunciation: ˈæltɪˌtud
Part of speech: noun
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: ˈæltɪˌtud
Synonym: elevation
Opposite: depth
The height of an object or point in relation to sea level or ground level
The airplane reached a cruising altitude of 35,000 feet
