فهرست
Carve
Title: Carve
Pronunciation: /kɑːv/
Part of speech: verb
Definition: cut (a hard material) in order to produce an object, design, or inscription; make (something) by cutting a hard material; cut (cooked meat) into slices for eating
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Carved (past tense), Carving (present participle)
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Transitive
Stress marks: kahrv
Synonym: sculpt, chisel, slice
Opposite: join, combine, assemble
Example
He carved a sculpture out of stone. She carved her initials into the tree trunk. He carved the turkey for Thanksgiving dinner
Casserole
Title: Casserole
Pronunciation: /ˈkæsərəʊl/Part of speech: noun
Definition: a kind of stew or side dish that is cooked slowly in an oven; a large, deep dish used both for serving food and for cooking it
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Casseroles (plural)
Formal or informal: Informal
Countable or uncountable: Countable (noun)
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: KAS-uh-rohl (noun)
Synonym: stew, hotpot, bake
Opposite: raw, uncooked, cold
Example
She made a delicious chicken casserole for dinner. The casserole dish was too heavy to lift with one hand
Catastrophe
Title: Catastrophe
Pronunciation: /kəˈtæstrəfi/
Part of speech: noun
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Catastrophes (plural)
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Countable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: kuh-TAS-truh-fee
Synonym: disaster, calamity, tragedy
Opposite: success, triumph, victory
An event causing great and often sudden damage or suffering; a disaster
The earthquake was a catastrophe for the region. The company’s bankruptcy was a financial catastrophe
Champion
Title: Champion
Pronunciation: /ˈtʃæmpiən/
Part of speech: noun/verb/adjective
Definition: a person who has defeated or surpassed all rivals in a competition, especially in sports; a person who vigorously supports or defends a person or cause; support the cause of; defend or argue for; having defeated all others in a competition; first-rate
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Champions (plural)
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Countable (noun)
Transitive or intransitive: Transitive
Stress marks: CHAM-pee-uhn (noun), cham-PEE-uhn (verb), CHAM-pee-uhn (adjective)
Synonym: winner, advocate, support
Opposite: loser, opponent, critic
Example
He was a champion boxer in his youth. She was a champion of workers’ rights. He championed the cause of environmental protection. The team won the championship last year. She made a champion effort to win the race
Chancellor
Title: Chancellor
Pronunciation: /ˈtʃɑːnsələ(r)/
Part of speech: noun
Definition: a senior state or legal official; the head of the government in some European countries, such as Germany and Austria
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Chancellors (plural)
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable
Example
The university chancellor presided over the graduation ceremony. The German chancellor met with the French president to discuss trade issues
Chapel
Title: Chapel
Pronunciation: /ˈtʃæpəl/
Part of speech: noun
Definition: a small building for Christian worship, typically one attached to an institution or private house; a room or building used for nonconformist worship
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Chapels (plural)
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Countable (noun)
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: CHAP-uhl
Synonym: church, sanctuary, temple
Opposite: secular, non-religious, profane
Example
The couple got married in a chapel in Las Vegas. The nonconformist group held their services in a small chapel
Charisma
Title: Charisma
Pronunciation: /kəˈrɪzmə/
Part of speech: noun
Definition: compelling attractiveness or charm that can inspire devotion in others; a divinely conferred power or talent
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: kuh-RIZ-muh
Synonym: charm, magnetism, allure
Opposite: dullness, repulsion, unattractiveness
Example
The politician had a natural charisma that drew people to him. The spiritual leader was believed to have a special charisma that allowed him to perform miracles
Charm
Title: Charm
Pronunciation: /tʃɑːm/
Part of speech: noun/verb
Definition: the power or quality of pleasing or delighting; an object believed to bring good luck; attract; delight greatly; put a spell on
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Charmed (past tense), Charming (present participle)
Formal or informal: Informal
Countable or uncountable: Countable (noun)
Transitive or intransitive: Transitive
Stress marks: chahrm (noun), chahrm (verb)
Synonym: attraction, amulet, enchant
Opposite: repulsion, jinx, repel
Example
The old watch had a certain charm that made it special. The four-leaf clover was considered a charm for good luck. She was charmed by the quaint little village. The witch charmed the prince with her magic spell
Chase
Title: Chase
Pronunciation: /tʃeɪs/
Part of speech: verb/noun
Definition: pursue in order to catch or catch up with; engage in a pursuit, typically a long or difficult one; an act of pursuing someone or something
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Chased (past tense), Chasing (present participle)
Countable or uncountable: Countable (noun)
Transitive or intransitive: Transitive
Stress marks: chays (verb), CHAYS (noun)
Synonym: pursue, hunt, pursuit
Opposite: retreat, give up, surrender
Example
The police chased the suspect through the streets. He spent years chasing his dream of becoming a professional athlete. The chase scene in the movie was thrilling
Cheer
Title: Cheer
Pronunciation: /tʃɪər/
Part of speech: verb/noun
Definition: shout for joy or in praise or encouragement; show support or goodwill; a shout of encouragement, praise, or joy
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Cheered (past tense), Cheering (present participle)
Formal or informal: Informal
Countable or uncountable: Countable (noun)
Transitive or intransitive: Transitive
Stress marks: cheer (verb), CHEER (noun)
Synonym: applaud, encourage, applause
Opposite: boo, discourage, disapproval
Example
The crowd cheered when the team scored a goal. She cheered up her friend who was feeling down. The cheerleaders led the crowd in a cheer
Chronic
Title: Chronic
Pronunciation: /ˈkrɒnɪk/
Part of speech: adjective
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: KRAH-nik
Synonym: persistent, long-standing, enduring
Opposite: temporary, fleeting, short-lived
persisting for a long time or constantly recurring; (of a disease) long-lasting and difficult to era
He suffered from chronic back pain. The patient was diagnosed with chronic asthma. The company had chronic financial problems
Circuit
Title: Circuit
Pronunciation: /ˈsəːkɪt/
Part of speech: noun/verb
Definition: a roughly circular line, route, or movement that starts and finishes at the same place; a complete and closed path that an electric current travels along; move all the way around (a place or thing)
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Circuited (past tense), Circuited (present participle)
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Countable (noun)
Transitive or intransitive: Transitive
Stress marks: SUR-kit (noun), sur-KIT-ed (verb)
Synonym: route, path, orbit
Opposite: straight line, direct path, open-ended
Example
The race track was a circuit that went around the stadium. The electrician checked the circuit to make sure it was working properly. The hiker circuited the mountain to get back to the starting point
Civilian
Title: Civilian
Pronunciation: /sɪˈvɪljən/
Part of speech: noun/adjective
Definition: a person not in the armed services or the police force; relating to civilians or civil life, as distinct from military or political affairs
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Civilians (plural)
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Countable (noun)
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: si-VIL-yuhn (noun), si-VIL-yuhn (adjective)
Synonym: noncombatant, ordinary person, civilian population
Opposite: military personnel, police officer, combatant
Example
The soldier was killed by a bomb while trying to protect civilians. The government provided aid to help rebuild civilian homes after the natural disaster
Clash
Title: Clash
Pronunciation: /klæʃ/
Part of speech: verb/noun
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Clashed (past tense), Clashing (present participle)
Formal or informal: Informal
Countable or uncountable: Countable (noun)
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: klash (verb), KLASH (noun)
Synonym: conflict, disagreement, fight
Opposite: agreement, harmony, peace
come into conflict or opposition; a violent confrontation or disagreement
The two teams clashed on the field during the game. The clash between the protesters and the police turned violent
Cliché
Title: Cliché
Pronunciation: /kliːʃeɪ/
Part of speech: noun/adjective
Definition: a phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought; lacking originality or freshness
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Clichés (plural)
Formal or informal: Informal
Countable or uncountable: Countable (noun)
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: klee-SHAY (noun), klee-SHAYD (adjective)
Synonym: stereotype, platitude, banality
Opposite: originality, creativity, innovation
Example
Actions speak louder than words” is a cliché that is often used in everyday conversation. The movie’s plot was predictable and full of clichés
Closure
Title: Closure
Pronunciation: /ˈkləʊʒə/
Part of speech: noun
Definition: the act or process of closing something; a feeling of finality or resolution; a device for fastening or closing something
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Closures (plural)
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Countable (noun)
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: KLOH-zhur
Synonym: shutting, ending, resolution
Opposite: opening, beginning, continuation
Example
The factory’s closure meant that many workers lost their jobs. The family found closure after the trial ended. The zipper’s closure was broken and wouldn’t stay shut
Clutch
Title: Clutch
Pronunciation: /klʌtʃ/
Part of speech: noun/verb
Definition: a tight grasp or hold; a mechanism for connecting and disconnecting a vehicle engine from its transmission system; grasp or seize (something) tightly or eagerly
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Clutched (past tense), Clutching (present participle)
Formal or informal: Informal
Countable or uncountable: Countable (noun)
Transitive or intransitive: Transitive
Stress marks: kluch (noun), KLUTCH (verb)
Synonym: grip, hold, embrace
Opposite: release, let go, loosen
Example
She had a clutch on her purse to keep it close to her body. The car’s clutch needed to be replaced. He clutched the trophy tightly in his hands
Coherent
Title: Coherent
Pronunciation: /kəʊˈhɪərənt/
Part of speech: adjective
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: koh-HEER-uhnt
Synonym: logical, consistent, cohesive
Opposite: illogical, inconsistent, incoherent
logical and consistent; united as or forming a whole
Her argument was coherent and well thought out. The book’s plot was not very coherent and jumped around a lot. The company’s mission statement was clear and coherent
Combat
Title: Combat
Pronunciation: /ˈkɒmbæt/
Part of speech: verb/noun
Definition: take action to reduce, destroy, or prevent (something undesirable); fighting between armed forces; a fight or contest between individuals or groups
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Combated (past tense), Combating (present participle)
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Countable (noun)
Transitive or intransitive: Transitive
Stress marks: KOM-bat (noun), kuhm-BAT (verb)
Synonym: fight, battle, struggle
Opposite: peace, harmony, cooperation
Example
The government is trying to combat poverty with new programs. The soldiers engaged in combat for several hours. The two boxers had a fierce combat in the ring
Commerce
Title: Commerce
Pronunciation: /ˈkɒməs/
Part of speech: noun
Definition: the activity of buying and selling goods and services, especially on a large scale; social dealings between people
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: KOM-uhrs
Synonym: trade, business, industry
Opposite: noncommercial, non-business, leisure
Example
The city’s commerce was centered around the port. The company’s commerce expanded to international markets. He had a friendly commerce with his neighbors
Compatible
Title: Compatible
Pronunciation: /kəmˈpætəbl/
Part of speech: adjective
Definition: able to exist or occur together without conflict; (of two people) able to have a harmonious relationship because of being similar in nature
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: kuhm-PAT-uh-buhl
Synonym: harmonious, congruent, consistent
Opposite: incompatible, conflicting, inconsistent
Example
The software is compatible with both Mac and Windows operating systems. The couple’s interests were compatible and they got along well
Compulsive
Title: Compulsive
Pronunciation: /kəmˈpʌlsɪv/
Part of speech: adjective
Definition: resulting from or relating to an irresistible urge, especially one that is against one’s conscious wishes; (of a person) unable to resist a particular impulse, drive, or temptation
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: kuhm-PUL-siv
Synonym: obsessive, uncontrollable, addictive
Opposite: controlled, restrained, voluntary
Example
He had a compulsive need to check his phone constantly. The gambler was a compulsive risk-taker
Concede
Title: Concede
Pronunciation: /kənˈsiːd/
Part of speech: verb
Definition: admit that something is true or valid after first denying or resisting it; surrender or yield (something that one possesses)
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Conceded (past tense), Conceding (present participle)
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Transitive
Stress marks: kuhn-SEED
Synonym: admit, acknowledge, yield
Opposite: deny, resist, dispute
Example
He finally conceded that he was wrong. The team conceded the game to their opponents
Conceive
Title: Conceive
Pronunciation: /kənˈsiːv/
Part of speech: verb
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Conceived (past tense), Conceiving (present participle)
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Transitive
Stress marks: kuhn-SEEV
Synonym: imagine, invent, create
Opposite: forget, dismiss, ignore
Form or devise (a plan or idea) in the mind; become pregnant with (a child)
She conceived of a new way to approach the problem. The couple conceived a child after several months of trying
Convict
Title: Convict
Pronunciation: /ˈkɒnvɪkt/
Part of speech: verb/noun
Definition: declare someone guilty of a criminal offense by the verdict of a jury or the decision of a judge in a court of law; a person found guilty of a criminal offense and serving a sentence of imprisonment
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Convicted (past tense), Convicting (present participle)
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Countable (noun)
Transitive or intransitive: Transitive
Stress marks: KON-vikt (noun), kuhn-VIK-tid (verb)
Synonym: criminal, prisoner, sentence
Opposite: acquit, release, pardon
Example
The jury convicted the defendant of murder. The convict was serving a 10-year sentence in prison
Crude
Title: Crude
Pronunciation: /kruːd/
Part of speech: adjective
Definition: in a natural or raw state; lacking finish, polish, or completeness; vulgar or offensive in a way that is considered unrefined
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Cruder (comparative), Crudest (superlative)
Formal or informal: Informal
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: krood
Synonym: raw, rough, vulgar
Opposite: refined, polished, sophisticated
Example
The crude oil was refined at the refinery. The artist’s early works were quite crude compared to his later pieces. His language was considered crude and offensive by many people
Cynical
Title: Cynical
Pronunciation: /ˈsɪnɪk(ə)l/
Part of speech: adjective
Definition: believing that people are motivated purely by self-interest; distrustful of human sincerity or integrity; concerned only with one’s own interests and typically disregarding accepted standards in order to achieve them
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Cynically (adverb)
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: SIN-uh-kuhl
Synonym: skeptical, distrustful, pessimistic
Opposite: optimistic, trusting, idealistic
Example
He had a cynical view of politics and politicians. The company’s cynical approach to business practices led to many complaints from customers
Calf
Title: Calf
Pronunciation: /kɑːf/
Part of speech: noun
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Calves (plural)
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Countable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: kaf (noun)
Synonym: young cow, heifer, leg
Opposite: adult cow, bull, thigh
A young cow or bull; the fleshy part at the back of a person’s leg below the knee
The farmer had a herd of calves on his farm. She pulled a muscle in her calf while running
Capitalism
Title: Capitalism
Pronunciation: /ˈkæpɪtəlɪzəm/
Part of speech: noun
Definition: an economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit; a political and economic system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: KAP-i-tuh-liz-uhm
Synonym: free enterprise, market economy, laissez-faire
Opposite: socialism, communism, collectivism
Example
Capitalism is often contrasted with socialism. Some argue that capitalism promotes individualism and competition
Carefree
Title: Carefree
Pronunciation: /ˌkeəˈfriː/
Formal or informal: Informal
Countable or uncountable: Uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: KAIR-free
Synonym: lighthearted, easygoing, relaxed
Opposite: anxious, worried, burdened
Free from anxiety or responsibility; having no worries or troubles
She enjoyed a carefree summer traveling across Europe. He wished he could be more carefree and less stressed
Cargo
Title: Cargo
Pronunciation: /ˈkɑːɡəʊ/
Part of speech: noun
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Cargoes (plural)
Formal or informal: Formal
Countable or uncountable: Countable (noun)
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: KAHR-goh (noun)
Synonym: freight, shipment, load
Opposite: empty, unloaded, unladen
Goods carried on a ship, aircraft, or motor vehicle; the load of such goods
The ship was carrying a cargo of wheat. The cargo was unloaded at the port and transported to the warehouse
Carriage
Title: Carriage
Pronunciation: /ˈkærɪdʒ/
Part of speech: noun
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: Carriages (plural)
Definition: a vehicle with four wheels drawn by horses, used for carrying passengers; a means of conveying something; the act of carrying something
Formal or informal: Formal
Transitive or intransitive: Intransitive
Stress marks: KAR-ij (noun)
Synonym: coach, conveyance, transport
Opposite: pedestrian, walking, stationary
Example
The carriage took them through the park. The carriage of goods by train became more common in the 19th century
