فهرست
Hollow
Title: Hollow
Pronunciation: ˈhɒləʊ
Part of speech: adjective/noun/verb
Definition: having an empty space inside; a small valley or depression; to make something hollow or empty
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: hollower, hollowest (adjective)
Formal or informal: both
Countable or uncountable: countable (valley), uncountable (emptiness)
Transitive or intransitive: transitive
Stress marks: hol-low (adjective), hol-low (noun), hol-low (verb)
Synonym: empty, vacant (adjective), depression, dip (noun), excavate, empty out (verb)
Opposite: full, solid (adjective), hill, rise (noun), fill, stuff (verb)
Example
The tree trunk was hollow inside and made a great hiding spot
Hop
Title: Hop
Pronunciation: hɒp
Part of speech: verb/noun
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: hopped (past tense), hops (plural)
Formal or informal: both
Countable or uncountable: countable (jump), uncountable (movement)
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: hop (verb), hop (noun)
Synonym: jump, skip (verb), leap, bound (noun)
Opposite: stay still, walk (verb), nothing (noun)
To move by jumping on one foot; a short jump or leap
The rabbit hopped away into the bushes
Horizon
Title: Horizon
Pronunciation: həˈraɪzn
Part of speech: noun
Definition: the line at which the earth’s surface and the sky appear to meet; the limit of a person’s knowledge, experience, or interest
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: horizons (plural)
Formal or informal: both
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: ho-ri-zon
Synonym: skyline, vista
Opposite: underground, hidden
Example
The sun was just rising above the horizon
Horrified
Title: Horrified
Pronunciation: ˈhɒrɪfaɪd
Part of speech: adjective
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: more horrified, most horrified
Formal or informal: both
Countable or uncountable: uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: hor-ri-fied
Synonym: shocked, appalled
Opposite: calm, composed
Feeling or showing horror or shock; extremely frightened or appalled
The witnesses were horrified by the violent crime they had just witnessed
Hostage
Title: Hostage
Pronunciation: ˈhɒstɪdʒ
Part of speech: noun
Definition: a person seized or held as security for the fulfillment of a condition; a person who is trapped or controlled by someone or something
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: hostages (plural)
Formal or informal: both
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: hos-tage
Synonym: captive, prisoner
Opposite: liberator, rescuer
Example
The kidnappers demanded a ransom in exchange for the release of the hostage
Humble
Title: Humble
Pronunciation: ˈhʌmbəl
Part of speech: adjective/verb
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: humbler, humblest (adjective)
Formal or informal: both
Countable or uncountable: uncountable (modesty), countable (act of lowering)
Transitive or intransitive: transitive
Stress marks: hum-ble (adjective), hum-ble (verb)
Synonym: modest, unassuming (adjective), degrade, demote (verb)
Opposite: arrogant, proud (adjective), elevate, promote (verb)
Having a modest or low view of one’s importance; to lower in dignity or importance
The humble servant always put others’ needs before his own
Humility
Title: Humility
Pronunciation: hjuːˈmɪlɪti
Part of speech: noun
Formal or informal: both
Countable or uncountable: uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: hu-mil-i-ty
Synonym: modesty, meekness
Opposite: arrogance, pride
The quality of being humble; a modest or low view of one’s importance
The leader’s humility earned the respect and loyalty of his followers
Hypocrisy
Title: Hypocrisy
Pronunciation: hɪˈpɒkrɪsi
Part of speech: noun
Definition: the practice of pretending to have moral standards or beliefs that one does not actually possess; the act of being deceitful or insincere
Formal or informal: both
Countable or uncountable: uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: hy-poc-ri-sy
Synonym: insincerity, deceitfulness
Opposite: sincerity, honesty
Example
The politician’s hypocrisy was exposed when he was caught engaging in the same behavior he had criticized in others
Hypothesis
Title: Hypothesis
Pronunciation: haɪˈpɒθəsɪs
Part of speech: noun
Definition: a proposed explanation or theory based on limited evidence or assumptions; an educated guess
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: hypotheses (plural)
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: hy-poth-e-sis
Synonym: theory, conjecture
Opposite: fact, certainty
Example
The scientist’s hypothesis was confirmed by the results of the experiment
Hail
Title: Hail
Pronunciation: heɪl
Part of speech: verb/noun
Definition: to greet or acclaim enthusiastically; pellets of frozen rain that fall in showers from cumulonimbus clouds
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: hails (plural)
Countable or uncountable: uncountable (rain), countable (greeting)
Transitive or intransitive: transitive (greeting), intransitive (rain)
Stress marks: hail (verb), hail (noun)
Synonym: acclaim, praise (verb), sleet, precipitation (noun)
Opposite: criticize, condemn (verb), clear skies, sunshine (noun)
Example
The crowd began to hail the victorious athlete as he crossed the finish line
Harshly
Title: Harshly
Pronunciation: ˈhɑːʃli
Part of speech: adverb
Irregular spelling and irregular forms:
Countable or uncountable: uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: harsh-ly
Synonym: severely, roughly
Opposite: gently, kindly
In a rough or severe manner; unkindly or cruelly
The teacher spoke harshly to the students who were misbehaving in class
Haul
Title: Haul
Pronunciation: hɔːl
Part of speech: verb/noun
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: hauled (past tense), hauls (plural)
Countable or uncountable: countable (stolen goods), uncountable (effort)
Transitive or intransitive: transitive
Stress marks: haul (verb), haul (noun)
Synonym: drag, transport (verb), loot, spoils (noun)
Opposite: push, leave behind (verb), nothing (noun)
To pull or drag with effort; a quantity of something that has been stolen or obtained illegally
The workers had to haul the heavy boxes up the stairs to the storage room
Hazardous
Title: Hazardous
Pronunciation: ˈhæzədəs
Part of speech: adjective
Countable or uncountable: uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: haz-ard-ous
Synonym: risky, dangerous
Opposite: safe, harmless
Involving risk or danger; potentially harmful or damaging
The hazardous materials had to be handled with extreme caution
Heap
Title: Heap
Pronunciation: hiːp
Part of speech: noun/verb
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: heaps (plural)
Countable or uncountable: countable (pile), uncountable (mass)
Transitive or intransitive: transitive
Stress marks: heap (noun), heap (verb)
Synonym: pile, stack (noun), accumulate, amass (verb)
Opposite: scatter, disperse (verb), nothing (noun)
A pile or mass of something; to pile up in a heap or mound
The children made a heap of leaves to jump into
Height
Title: Height
Pronunciation: haɪt
Part of speech: noun
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: heights (plural)
Formal or informal: both
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: height
Synonym: altitude, elevation
Opposite: depth, low point
The measurement of how tall something is; the highest point or level of something
The height of the building was over 100 feet tall
Heir
Title: Heir
Pronunciation: eər
Part of speech: noun
Definition: a person who inherits or is entitled to inherit the property, title, or office of another; a person who continues the legacy or tradition of another
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: heirs (plural)
Formal or informal: both
Countable or uncountable: countable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: heir
Synonym: successor, inheritor
Opposite: predecessor, disinherited
Example
The eldest son was the heir to the family fortune
Heritage
Title: Heritage
Pronunciation: ˈherɪtɪdʒ
Part of speech: noun
Definition: something that is inherited from one’s ancestors or past; the history, culture, and traditions of a particular group or country
Irregular spelling and irregular forms:
Formal or informal: both
Countable or uncountable: uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: her-i-tage
Synonym: legacy, inheritance
Opposite: modernity, newness
Example
The museum displayed artifacts that represented the cultural heritage of the region
Hesitation
Title: Hesitation
Pronunciation: ˌhezɪˈteɪʃn
Part of speech: noun
Definition: the act of pausing or delaying before doing something; uncertainty or doubt about what to do or say
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: hesitations (plural)
Formal or informal: both
Countable or uncountable: uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: hes-i-ta-tion
Synonym: indecision, reluctance
Opposite: decisiveness, confidence
Example
The athlete’s hesitation cost him the race
Hierarchical
Title: Hierarchical
Pronunciation: ˌhaɪəˈrɑːkɪkl
Part of speech: adjective
Irregular spelling and irregular forms:
Formal or informal: formal
Countable or uncountable: uncountable
Transitive or intransitive: intransitive
Stress marks: hi-er-ar-chi-cal
Synonym: graded, ranked
Opposite: egalitarian, flat
Arranged in a hierarchy or graded series; relating to a system of levels or ranks
The company had a hierarchical structure with the CEO at the top
Hinder
Title: Hinder
Pronunciation: ˈhɪndər
Part of speech: verb/adjective
Definition: to create difficulties or obstacles that delay or prevent something; situated at the back or rear of something
Irregular spelling and irregular forms: hinders (plural)
Formal or informal: both
Countable or uncountable: uncountable (difficulty), countable (obstacle)
Transitive or intransitive: transitive
Stress marks: hin-der (verb), hin-der (adjective)
Synonym: impede, obstruct (verb), rear, back (adjective)
Opposite: facilitate, aid (verb), front, forward (adjective)
Example
The bad weather hindered the progress of the construction project
